Beck Depression Inventory Vs Hamilton Depression Scale Essays

Beck Depression Inventory Vs Hamilton Depression Scale Essays Beck Depression Inventory Vs Hamilton Depression Scale Essay Beck Depression Inventory Vs Hamilton Depression Scale Essay published in 1996 was authored by Aaron Beck, Robert A. Steer, and Gregory K. Brown. Similar to its predecessor, it consists of 21multiple pick inquiries that assist in finding the badness of depression. Each point consists of four statements arranged in order to determine the badness of a certain symptom of depression. BDI-II conforms to the DSM-IV standards for depression. Clients who are presented with the BDI-II are asked to reply each inquiry based upon the manner they have felt for the past two hebdomads in order to accurately conform to the DSM-IV standards. The BDI-II is intended for striplings and grownups and should non be administered to those under the age of 13. Scoring The BDI-II consists of 20 one inquiries, all of which correspond to a peculiar symptom of depression. Each point consists of a four point graduated table runing from 0-3. Items 16 and 18 consist of seven points which are used to bespeak an addition or lessening in both sleep forms and appetency. A entire mark of 0-13 is considered minimum scope, 14- 19 is considered mild, 20-28 is considered moderate, while 20-63 is considered to be terrible ( Beck, Steer and Brown, 1961 ) . The BDI-II may be scored by manus or by utilizing a package plan such as Q Local, where the tonss may be recorded and monitored by the clinician. The trial may be administered often, as it is intended to supervise symptoms that have occurred within a two hebdomad scope. Dependability Beck s Depression Inventory II has been used for many old ages with great success. Its dependability is still questioned by some. Sprinkle, Lurie, Insko, Atkinson, Jones, Logan and Bassada ( 2002 ) province that Although the BDI-II manual ( Beck, Steer, A ; Brown, 1996 ) and assorted other studies ( e.g. , Dozois et al. , 1998, and Steer, Kumar, Ranieri, A ; Beck, 1998 ) have offered significant grounds for the instrument s applaudable split-half internal consistence ( with reported coefficient alphas of.91 and somewhat higher ) , there are merely two published studies to day of the month on the instrument s test- retest dependability ( par.6 ) . Sprinkle et al. , ( 2002 ) further study Beck, Steer, and Brown ( 1996 ) reported on 26 outpatients ( no diagnostic information is offered ) who were administered the BDI-II at the times of their first and 2nd therapy Sessionss ( about one hebdomad apart ) , bring forthing a test-retest correlativity of.93 ( par 6 ) . Cogency Cogency of the BDI-II appears to be favourable. A survey conducted by Storch, Roberti and Roth ( 2002 ) examined the psychometric belongingss of the BDI-II. 414 pupils from two separate universities participated in the survey. Their consequences supported BDI-II two-factor construction mensurating cognitive-affective and bodily depressive symptoms ( par.1 ) . They concluded that the cogency of the BDI-II was supported by favourable consequences with self-report steps of depression and anxiousness ( par.1 ) . The consequences of this survey double past research of a college sample which supported the dependability and cogency of the BDI-II. Arnau, Meager, Norris, and Bramson ( 2001 ) besides conducted a psychometric rating of the BDI-II utilizing primary attention patients. The survey consisted of 340 primary attention patients ( 7 of which were eliminated due to incomplete responses ) . 68.8 % of the participants were female and the age group tested ranged from ages 18-54 ( M = 36.5, SD = 10.1, Arnau et al. , 2001 ) . The mean mark from the participants was 8.4 ( SD = 9.7 ) . They reported that tonss of 14 or higher, proposing at least a mild degree of depression ( Beck et al. , 1996 as cited in Arnau et al. , 2001 ) were observed in 23.2 % of the sample ( p.3 ) . Arnau et al. , ( 2001 ) besides found an alpha coefficient of.94, which they considered to be first-class internal consistence. They concluded that the BDI-II yielded strong grounds for the factorial cogency of the BDI-II in a primary attention puting ( p.6 ) . They found that the BDI-II could easy be implemented into the primary attention puting without interrupting patient flow. BDI-II Reappraisals Arbisi and Farmer, referees of BDI-II indicate that the BDI-II is easy to administrate and requires about five to ten proceedingss to finish. Arbisi provinces concern nevertheless, that there are no cogency indexs contained on the BDI or the BDI-II and the easiness of disposal of a self-report lends itself to the deliberate tailoring of self-report and deformation of the consequences ( Beck, Steeler A ; Brown, 1961 par. 5 ) . Arbisi and Farmer concur that the manual BDI-II was good written and provides a battalion of supportive information sing norms, factor construction, and notably, nonparametric item-option characteristic curves for each point ( Beck, Steer A ; Brown, 1961 par. 4 ) . They contend that the BDI-II has improved upon the original by updating the points to reflect modern-day diagnostic standards for depression and utilizing state-of-the-art psychometric techniques to better the discriminatory belongingss of the instrument ( Beck, Steer A ; Brown, 1961 par. 10 ) . Although the referees have noted their concern sing the deficiency of room for diverseness, Arbisi and Farmer appear to O.K. of its usage as a depression appraisal tool. Hamilton Depression Scale The Hamilton Depression Scale ( abbreviated as HDS, HAMD or HAD ) is used to mensurate the badness of symptoms of depression. For many old ages it was considered to be the gilded criterion . It was developed by Max Hamilton in the late fiftiess and was used to measure the public presentation of the first antidepressants. It was released in 1960. Upon its release, Hamilton acknowledged that it had room for betterment ( p. 56 ) . He revised the HDS in 1967. The HDS consists of 21 multiple pick inquiries. The first 17 inquiries determine the badness of the depression symptoms, while the extra four inquiries address the countries of paranoia and compulsion and their relation to depression.The HDS can be administered to both kids and grownups. It is considered to be easy to read and construe ; it is recommended that the HDS be administered merely by a accredited professional. Scoring The HDS was intended to be administered by an experient clinician by carry oning a clinical interview.A Scoring and administering the graduated table may be considered cumbrous as Hamilton did non supply structured guidelines for this intent. No standardised investigation inquiries were provided to arouse information from patients and no behaviorally specific guidelines were developed for finding each point s evaluation ( Health Care Technology Systems, 2010 ) . Seventeen points are rated on a 5-point ( 0-4 ) or a 3-point ( 0-2 ) graduated table. Overall tonss of 0-6 are considered normal. Tonss from 7-17 are declarative of mild depression. Tonss from 18-24 represent moderate depression. Tonss that are greater than 24 are representative of terrible depression. Dependability Bagby, Ryder, Schuller, and Marshall ( 2004 ) province that Clinician-rated instruments should show three types of dependability: 1 ) internal dependability, 2 ) retest dependability, and 3 ) interrater dependability ( par.4 ) . They contend that the internal dependability of the HDS estimations ranged from 0.46 to 0.97, and 10 surveies reported estimations 0.70 ( par.5 ) . They further contend that the bulk of points contained in the HDS indicate sufficient dependability.Per their testing, the undermentioned points were met in each sample: ( Guilt, in-between insomnia, psychic anxiousness, bodily anxiousness, GI, general somatic ) and an extra five points met the standards in all but one sample ( down temper, self-destruction, early insomnia, late insomnia, work and involvements, hypochondriasis ) ( par.6 ) . A possible job was suggested with loss of penetration, as it had the greatest figure of variables. Interrater dependability was considered to be hapless. Cicchetti and Pr usoff ( 1983, as cited in Reynolds and Kobak, 1995 ) province in a survey of interrater dependability of a 22-item version of the HDRS found low degrees of dependability for single points, with 14 of the 22 points showing intraclass correlativity coefficients of less than.40 ( par. 4 ) . Retest Dependability Tonss for the retest dependability of the HDS ranged from 0.81 to 0.98. Williams ( 1998 at cited in Bagby et al. , 2004 ) argued in favour of utilizing structured interview ushers to hike point and entire graduated table dependability and developed the Structured Interview Guide for the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale ( par.8 ) . Making so increased the retest dependability to 0.54 in malice of the fact that merely four points met the necessary standards for dependability ; i.e. : depressed temper, early insomnia, psychic anxiousness, and loss of libido ( par.8 ) . Cogency The Hamilton Depression Scale is comprised of 1 ) Content, 2 ) Convergent, 3 ) Discriminant, 4 Factorial, and 5 ) Predicative Validity. Content cogency is determined by analyzing scale points to find correspondence with known characteristics of a syndrome ( Bagby et al. , 2004 par. 9 ) . Convergent cogency is sufficient when a graduated table indicates Pearson s R values of a lower limit of 0.50 in concurrence with steps of the same syndrome. Discriminant cogency is determined by bespeaking that groups that differ in diagnostic position may be separated through the usage of the graduated table. Predictive cogency of symptom badness steps such as the Hamilton depression graduated table is determined by a statistically important ( p lt ; 0.05 ) capacity to foretell alteration with intervention Bagby et al. , 2004 par. 9 ) . Factorial cogency may be established by utilizing factor analysis or principal-component analysis to bespeak that a positive illustration can be found in sever al samples. HDS Reviews Bernard Carroll wrote a missive to the editor of the American Journal of Psychiatry in December, 2005 entitled: Why the Hamilton Depression Scale Endures. He offers three grounds why the HDS remains the gilded criterion. First of wholly, he contends that Hamilton s HDS focused on patient s load of unwellness ( par.1 ) . He suggests that this is the ground why the HDS contains illustrations of anxiousness that are present in depressive episodes, but are non portion of the diagnosing for depression. He farther contends that Hamilton intended the usage of this graduated table for client s that are good known by the clinician. In this visible radiation, the HDS displays a scope from mild to extreme unwellness ( par. 1 ) . Second, Carroll contends that the demand for a revised graduated table based upon modern standards of major depression is non realistic. Carroll believes that Current definitions of major depression, instantiated in DSM-IV, for case, are intentionally atheoretical nominalist conventions that lack consolidative concepts, prognostic cogency, and explanatory power ( par.2 ) . He believes that this is the ground why those who are diagnosed with DSM-IV standards for major depression are so contrastive. He adds: In the hereafter, we might add biomarkers or endophenotypes to clinical symptoms in measuring depression, but that twenty-four hours is non here ( par.2 ) . Third, Carroll does non believe that the HDS has been outmatched in public presentation. He does non believe that the HDS is insensitive to alterations in the badness of depression symptoms. When compared to the Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale, he believes that the Hamilton Depression Scale is superior in its sensitiveness to alter and in observing early alteration with intervention while holding the advantage of far more comprehensive symptom coverage ( par.3 ) . Carroll concludes his missive by saying The endurance of the Hamilton depression graduated table is singular, sing how many unauthorised, nonvalidated, mutant versions now circulate ( Hamilton s original 17 points have expanded to 28 at my last count ) . This is non progress, nevertheless, because the text versions and procedural usage in many modern-day intervention tests are corrupted ( par 4 ) . Paul C Burnett, a referee of the HDS contends that the manual is extended and comprehensive ( par.2 ) . The instructions for administrating the trial are clear and contain illustrations of the marking procedure. All of the symptoms contained in the trial are described and supply illustrations to be used in the interviewing procedure. He believes that the symptoms contained in the trial conform to the standards listed in the DSM-IV. The manual, which contains a sample of 202 down patients, is comprised of 76 % inmates, 24 % outpatients, and 69 % female ( par.3 ) . The manual contends that the demographics are just, despite the fact that no information is provided to back up this. He contends that the manual did non include informations to back up the process that was utilized to choose this demographic. Burnett states that Internal consistence estimations were found to be.79 and.81 for the clinical and self-report signifiers severally, bespeaking moderate dependability ( par. 4 ) . Other surveies suggest that the internal consistence scope from.45 to.95, which is stated in the manual as consistent with the consequences from the confirmation sample ( par.4 ) . Burnett does non see a scope of.45 to.81 as acceptable internal consistence. Burnett concludes that the HDS consists of a well written and concise manual, which clearly describes the disposal and hiting procedure. He finds that the two graduated tables have moderate internal consistence, sound coincident cogency, and comparatively consistent and stable factor constructions ( par. 7 ) . His lone ailment is that the confirmation sample is minimum and does non sufficiently describe the mode in which it was selected. The Stronger Assessment Tool Both Aaron Beck and Max Hamilton have created an assessment tool to find the badness of the symptoms of depression. While Hamilton s Depression Scale was considered to be the gilded criterion, and may be administered to both kids and grownups, one would hold to reason that Beck s Depression Inventory-II is the stronger of the two appraisals. It appears that the BDI-II can be administered with easiness and does non necessitate an interviewing procedure. The BDI-II has been revised to supervise the badness of symptoms of depression for the last two hebdomads, while Hamilton s HDS does non province such rigorous guidelines. It besides appears as though the BDI-II contains a stronger internal consistence with an alpha coefficient of.95 as opposed to the HDS internal coefficiency of.79 and.81. Another ground for this decision was the original purpose of usage of the graduated tables. Hamilton s HDS was developed to measure the public presentation of the first coevals of antidepressants, while Beck s Depression Inventory was developed to find the nature of the badness of symptoms of depression without the usage of medicine. Beck s BDI-II appears to hold surpassed the HDS as referees have considered this assessment tool as utilizing state-of-the-art psychometric techniques to better the discriminatory belongingss of the instrument ( Beck, Steer A ; Brown, 1961 par. 10 ) . It appears as though Beck s BDI-II is the preferable pick among today s clinicians.

HOW HAS LUSH COSMETICS INCORPORATED THE RISING CONCERNS OF THE Essay

HOW HAS LUSH COSMETICS INCORPORATED THE RISING CONCERNS OF THE ENVIRONMENT IN THEIR CORPORATE STRATEGY - Essay Example These current trends and demands in the market economy stems from the recognition of the reality that the economic realm is not separated from the entire context of the society and that its reality is deeply integrated and interwoven in all facets of the human society – economic, social, cultural, political, and environmental aspects. The aims of this paper are the following: first, is to attain a clearer understanding of corporate social responsibility. Second, is to utilise the gained understanding of corporate social responsibility in knowing how the cosmetic industry in UK in general and Lush Limited in particular are addressing the challenge of corporate social responsibility. And third, to be able to highlight the conditions with which it can be claimed that Lush Limited has responded to the challenge of corporate social responsibility. These aims are to be accomplished via conducting a survey of related literatures. Moreover, the databases Academic Search Premier, Business Search Premier, Google Scholar, and EconLit were searched using a combination of the following key terms: corporate social responsibility, sustainability. Cosmetic industry, UK cosmetic industry, Lush Limited, globalisation, the Body Shop, and toiletries. Articles written only in English and published within the period of 1990 – 2009 were included in the selection. Likewise, books, relevant websites, editorials, commentaries and case studies were also included. Correspondingly, excluded from the selections are memorandums, monographs, pamphlets and position papers. The reference list of the articles was searched to identify additional relevant publications. Furthermore, the paper is structured such that: first, what is found in Chapter I are the introduction, aim of the paper, statement of the problem, the search method, and the structure of the paper. In the second part, which is Chapter II is the survey or review of literature

Mythology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Mythology - Essay Example Why is this feature relevant to the modern hero? No one can actually give an answer to this question. Maybe, in such a way the contemporaries are sure that in the modern very challenging world it is necessary to have an option to free one's mind. The director of the film underlines that external appearance is not important for the modern hero. It is much more important a real heroism of a character. A physical power of Hancock can be lost in case he meets other superheroes. Achilles is an ancient Greek character. Nevertheless, this hero does not reveal features of a holistic mind or his open nature. Homer underlined his appearance: â€Å"he sat himself down away from the ships with a face as dark as night, and his silver bow rang death as he shot his arrow in the midst of them† (Iliad, Book I). Actually, in the ancient world appearance played a very important role. Let us remember about the ancient famous sculptures and monuments of ancient heroes and characters. Of course, Ac hilles worshipped gods and this was a positive feature of his nature. Achilles helps Greek people in their fight against enemies, but in reality he is not much focused on solving military problems. From another perspective, Achilles can seem to be a consequential warrior. Achilles can be a patriotic hero, but in this case he should know for what purpose he needs to be such a person. He is sure of the fact that patriotism is positive if a personal concern is taken into account. Achilles impresses the audience by his daring and brash features. He shows more passion and he does not want to be vulnerable. This is another vision about heroism and patriotism unlike the view of patriotism in the modern time. Achilles is too arrogant and superior, but Hancock is not. These are two different approaches to representation of heroism and patriotism in two different worlds: in the world of ancient times and the modern times. Achilles was not focused on the common good of the society, but Hancock was very much pleased with his ability to help people. He did not place his own personality on the foreground; he made an emphasis on the background, which is society's welfare. Works cited 1. Iliad by Homer. 15 Dec. 2012. 2. Odyssey by Homer. 15 Dec. 2012. Name Professor's Name Subject Date Question 7B The Oracle works in Greek myths Divination plays a very important role in Greek mythology. Oracle is one of the core images in Greek religion and mythology. In accordance with modern interpretation: "Oracles played an important role in the Greek religion and beliefs. The Greeks considered death as a necessary evil and therefore Immortality was not an enviable asset. They however required information on their future life on earth, for this they turned to the oracle" (Oracle). Ancient Greek people needed information about their future life on the Earth. Greek oracle was a priest or a priestess, who played a role of a mediator between people and God. The Oracle communicated with God an d in such a way he had an opportunity to get the required information. Apollo was a god of music and reason. He could see future too. In the ancient Greece people brought many gifts to Apollo and he told them about the secrets and events of their future. Apollo was looking for a woman, who can help him to find answers about people's future. Apollo intended to be one of

Ethic Simulation Essay Example for Free

Ethic Simulation Essay This week I participated in two Ethic Game Simulations; The Mysterious Blogger and The Veiled ID. The Mysterious Blogger was about the leaking of confidential information by an employee and the actions of a second employee. The Veiled ID presented an issue that arises as the company tried to implement more strict security issues. The â€Å"Mysterious Blogger† had me playing the part of the Director of Information Technology for G-Bio Sports Company. During a routine check the department finds there is an employee that is posting blogs about the company and although 90% of the information is not confidential and questions safety this is a clear violation of the company policy. An anonymous email is also received by me this note indicates the name of the person posting the blogs. This information was obtained by hacking this person’s personal computer. My department was able to identify the name of both employees involved. There is an ethical issue on both cases one employee is violating the NDA policy and the other is violating the privacy of another employee. The action of both employees can cause major harm to the company. It is important to identify everyone that needs to be informed of the situation and decided the proper way to handle the situation. Both employees have been with the company for a while and are an asset to the company. Based on this information I do believe that both employees need to be discipline and made aware of the seriousness of their actions at the same time ensure safety concerns are address. My next step is to involve the proper stakeholders, our HR Director and our Legal Counsel they will help me validate my position and outline next steps. â€Å"The Veiled ID†, I play the part of the Associate Director of Operations. The  company has recently suffered a breach in security a former employee broke into a lab causing not only damage to the equipment but harmed another employee in the process. A new security system is being put in place to protect employees and our clients. Every employee will be required to carry a work Identification that will include a photograph without the ID they will not be allow in the building. Although the solution seems to very easy I did not take into consideration that some of our employees cannot be photograph due to religious beliefs. After, determining who will be affected by my decision and discussing the issue with a representative of our Human Resource Department, Training Manager and, other employees. We decided that the photo ID will still be require however, there will be some measures put in place to accommodate people with special needs. In conclusion, by utilizing the Rights and Responsibility Lens and the Baird Ethical model I was able to determine the best decision for each separate situation. The decision was the result of a serious of steps that help me first identify the issue, the people affected and the effect that my decision would have had in the community. Each steps helps you understand what is morally right and fair for the primary stakeholders and the community and how your decision making impacts others. Making sure that you understand everyone that will be affected either directly or indirectly is important prior to making your final decision. Doing the right thing is not just to following company procedure; it is also about protecting the shareholders interest and the interest of the company. In the case where the company’s policies were violated, the company must make a sound decision that that produces an outcome in the best interest of the company and its stakeholders. The ethical perspectives used to make the decisions during the simulation were based on options given in each scenario. In the simulation, you were to determine the best outcome for each scenario based upon the information given. Neither one of the scenarios had a right nor was wrong answer it just the best ethical decision you consider fair for all parties involved. The important part is to make sure that each situation it’s analyzed and all the components are taking into consideration prior of making your final decision. Reference Trevià ±o, L. K. Nelson, K. A. (2011). Managing business ethics: Straight talk about how to do it right (5th ed.).

One Person Can Change The World :: essays research papers

One Person Can Change the World One Person Can Change The World I believe very firmly that one person can change the world. That one person may not be able to do a whole lot physically to change the world, but one person has the power to inspire others to help that person change the world. I also believe very firmly that one person can set an example for others that may affect the outcome of any situation.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Just like in a baseball game where one person can hit the winning grand slam homerun, in life, one person can make the difference. The problem is that when the odds seem insurmountable, it seems impossible to overcome them and most people will give up. The true heroes in this world are those who don't give up in these times when things seem impossible to do.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The other thing I think is very important to note about the power of one person is that we need to look at what that one person is doing that is making a difference. One person can make a difference in someone else's life. I have had, in my life, many people that have made a huge difference. If someone changes your entire life or your outlook on it, your can definitely testify to the power of one. I think someone that can reach out to just one person's life is just as important as someone who can change the lives of millions.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One last thing I think is important to note is that, in recognizing the power of one person to make a difference, we must also note the contributions of others to help put that person where they are. A further explanation of this would be to go back to our other scenario. When, in the last inning, someone hits a game-winning grand slam homerun, that person is very important. However it is also important to give credit to those on base or to his coaches who

A Christmast Surprise for Gramma

A Christmas Surprise for Grandma by Gloria J. Shuttleworth Grandma lived on Sugar Creek Mountain all alone. It was a beautiful mountain, with tall cedar trees all over the mountain top. In the middle of the mountain was a crystal clear lake. The water in the lake was the prettiest blue you've ever seen. When the water was calm, you could see the fish swimming around in the lake. I loved sitting by the lake when I was a little girl. Grandma would pack us a lunch, and we would sit at the lake for hours on end. Hour after hour, grandma would tell me stories about her life on the mountain. I remember the day that grandpa drowned in the lake.My parents had tried to talk grandma into moving into town, but she wouldn't hear of it. My parents knew not to argue with her, because they knew that grandma was set in her ways. â€Å"I've been on this mountain for so long that I've forgotten which is the oldest, me or the mountain,† grandma had said, with a twinkle in her eyes. I knew my par ents worried about her being alone, because grandma was the only person who lived on Sugar Cliff Mountain. Today I was going to visit grandma, and the excitement grew inside me at the thought of spending time on the mountain once more. After all, it had been ten years since I had seen grandma.It's hard to believe that my career had kept me away for so long. As I approached the top of the mountain, I could see grandma staring out the window of her little log cabin home. Grandma greeted me at the door with a big hug. â€Å"I am so happy that you could come to visit with me,† said grandma. This Christmas is going to be so wonderful! I have a special surprise for you dear. Little did grandma know that I had a very special surprise for her as well. â€Å"Well, we can't stand around here all day,† said grandma. There's a lot of work to get done. I have invited the people from the village to come to my Christmas party on Saturday evening.After I had freshened up a bit, we spe nt the day baking all sorts of cookies and candies. Grandma had a story to tell as we baked the goodies for the party. She told me about how she used to bake apple pies for grandpa. â€Å"He loved apple pies,† said grandma. Those were his favorite. She said that after the pies would cool off, that grandpa would send her into the living room, under the pretense that he would clean up the kitchen. Grandma knew what he was really up to, but she never let on that she knew. Grandma would go into the living room and sit in her rocking chair. She would sing some of the songs that she knew grandpa loved.About an hour later, grandma would wander back into the kitchen. â€Å"Why Henry! † she said kitchen, grandma retired for the evening. I made myself a cup of tea and sat down in front of the fireplace. Sitting alone in the quiet house, I pondered my childhood memories of my grandparents. They had always been such a fun loving and happy couple. Shortly after they were married, g randpa built the log cabin home for his â€Å"Little ole Emmy†, as he called her. Just before Christmas, almost twelve years ago, grandpa was outside gathering firewood, when grandma heard a horrible scream and a terrible noise.She ran outside to find that an area of the ice on the lake had fallen through. She yelled for grandpa over and over but no reply ever came. They searched the lake for over a week, but no trace of grandpa could be found. Finally, they called off the search. One of the men who had helped in the search said they'd probably never find grandpa now. Just then, as my thoughts were still racing around in my head, my grandmother brought me back to reality. â€Å"We have to be up very early in the morning dear, so off to bed now,† she said. I slowly walked to my grandmother's room, and kissed her goodnight.Morning came early at grandma's house. As I entered the kitchen I could smell the homemade biscuits and gravy cooking on the stove. â€Å"What's on o ur list of things to do today? † I asked. â€Å"The men are coming from the village this morning to put the lights on the trees, and we have lots of presents to wrap for the children,† she said. Just then, there was a knock at the door. It was the men from the village ready to start putting up the lights. Grandma was so excited as she stepped back to watch them. â€Å"Let's wrap those presents now Laura,† said grandma.As I watched grandma wrap the presents and tie the ribbons, I knew that so much more was being placed around them. With each piece of wrapping paper grandma was also wrapping them with love. After the last present was wrapped, we realized that we'd been wrapping presents all day! It was now getting dark outside and grandma wanted to go outside to view the lights. As we stepped out onto the porch, we gasped. The sight that met our eyes was so beautiful to behold! The snow was glittering and the reflection of the lights on the snow was beyond words! I t was breathtaking! That night I went to bed with a heart full of love for my grandmother.I knew that someday I wanted to be just like her, full of love for others. Saturday evening the village people started arriving just after dark. Grandma always waited until evening to have her Christmas party, because she loved the lights. All the guests gathered around in the front yard and began to sing Christmas carols. Oh, how grandma loved that! Ole Ben was a jolly fellow who worked at the village store, and he was chosen to help Santa hand out the presents. The children shouted with glee, as they unwrapped their gifts. Grandma said, â€Å"Laura, come here dear, I have a surprise for you. As she handed me the present, I could see the love and pride in her eyes. â€Å"I love it grandma†, I said, as I bent down to kiss her cheek, â€Å"I will cherish it forever. † Grandma had made a quilt out of some of my dresses that I had worn as a little girl. â€Å"Grandma, if you could have just one special gift for Christmas, what would it be? † I asked her. Without even stopping to think, she replied, â€Å"I would like to see your grandfather just one more time, so I could feed him the apple pie that the horses quit snatching when he left us. † Just then grandma's face lit up like the lights on the Christmas tree!Everyone turned to see what grandma was looking at. Walking slowly toward her, with an apple pie in his hand, was grandpa! There was two slices missing from the pie that he was holding. The village people were speechless, as they thought they were seeing a ghost. Grandpa chuckled, as he yelled out, â€Å"Emmy, those darn horses snatched the pie and got away with two pieces. Difference to me, but slowly my memory started to return. I remember now going out to gather firewood. There was a nice piece of wood on the lake. I thought the lake was frozen over so I stepped out on the lake to get the piece of wood.I remember hearing the lake crack le and that's the last I remember about the accident. â€Å"Laura, how can I ever thank you for bringing grandpa home to me? † asked grandma. Laura replied, â€Å"Seeing the happiness and the love you have for each other is all the thanks I need. † As Laura retired to bed that night, she couldn't help but think about the surprise that she had given to grandma for Christmas. She knew in her heart that it was the best surprise present that grandma would ever get. What a warm and wonderful feeling came over Laura as she fell asleep, thinking of her grandparents.

Supply Chain Operations Management Analysis - 4582 Words

Supply Chain Operations Management Analysis of Southwest Airlines Name: University: Course Title: Instructor: Date: Introduction Southwest Airline is said to be the largest airline firm in the world and yet it charges low-fare costs to its large population of customers. Interestingly, it is noted that the company is one that depends on a large pool of suppliers whom are found necessary for the business to operate desirably. Such suppliers are mentioned to include: maintenance firms, fuel suppliers, food suppliers, and others (Laudon Laudon, 2011). Thomas (2012) informs that a firm can benefit a lot from an effective supply chain management which can even have various policies for managing suppliers and serving consumers that enable a firm to greatly reduce its operational costs. It is expounded that these policies are those that establish profitable relationships between customers and suppliers within the supply chain. 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